For more information, see Section 3.2 of Handout 1
Notes:
(a) Yes.
(b) No, because can't tell how long cycles are or how many may be missing.
(c) No, this tells you about universe age.
(d) No, this tells you (vaguely) about universe age.
For more information, see Chapters 1 and 9, Lecture 2 and Lecture 13
Notes:
(a) No. Olivine is the main component of the mantle.
(b) Yes.
(c) No. Iron is mostly found in the core.
(d) No, hydrogen and helium are mostly in the sun.
For more information, see Chapters 1 and 2, Lecture 2, Lecture 3, and Lecture 5
Notes:
(a) Yes.
(b) No. H to He is the primary energy source in Sun.
(c) No. Glaciers are not an energy source.
(d) No. Burning gas drives cars, makes electricity.
For more information, see Chapters 1 (Figure 1.6) and 19, Lecture 4
Notes:
(a) Yes.
(b) No. The Earth has a solid inner core.
(c) No. The lithosphere is strong and riding atop the
asthenosphere.
(d) No.
For more information, see Chapters 1 (Figure 1.7), 5 (Figure 5.1), and 19
Notes:
(a) No. This is an ionic bond.
(b) Yes -- sharing electrons is covalent bonding.
(c) No. I don't know of such a bond. van der Waals bonds are electrically
asymmetric.
(d) No. Like charges repel each other.
For more information, see Chapter 2, Lecture 5
Notes:
(a) No. This can't happen because of physical laws.
(b) No. This would, in fact, make a different element.
(c) No. This would turn the atom into a positively charged ion, a cation.
(d) Yes.
For more information, see Chapter 2, Lecture 2
Notes:
(a) No. This would just be a different mineral.
(b) Yes. The word polymorph means ``many form''
(c) No. This is in fact very common.
(d) No.
For more information, see Chapter 2
Notes:
(a) No. ``Black smokers'' are a form of seafloor hydrothermal vent.
Metamorphism occurs, but (b) is better answer.
(b) Yes. The word metamorphism means ``change form''
(c) No. This forms flood deposits, which are sedimentary rocks.
(d) No. This forms igneous rocks.
For more information, see Chapter 8, Lecture 8
Notes:
(a) No. This is the process which makes crystals.
(b) No. This is the process by which rocks change to a different form of
rock.
(c) No. This is exactly the opposite process! This makes rocks from
rubble.
(d) Yes.
For more information, see Chapters 6 and 7, Lecture 7
Notes:
(a) Oxygen and silicon are most abundant in earth crust.
(b) Yes. They make up 99% of our solar system, primarily in the
Sun.
(c) No. Silicon is common in the mantle and crust. Iron is common in the
core.
(d) No. Iron is common in the core, magnesium in the mantle and crust.
For more information, see Chapter 1, Lecture 2
Notes:
(a) Yes. Chemical weathering fastest in hot, moist climates.
(b) No. Physical weathering fastest here.
(c) No. Medium rates of chemical weathering.
(d) No. Slowest of all.
For more information, see Chapter 6, Table 6.1, Lecture 7
Notes:
(a) No. This would imply that the rock layers had been flipped over at some
point.
(b) No. This is an anticline.
(c) No, for the same reason as in (a).
(d) Yes.
For more information, see Chapter 10, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) No. These are sediments, which can be loose or ductile.
(b) No. Folds are associated with ductile rocks.
(c) No. A syncline is a kind of fold.
(d) Yes.
For more information, see Chapter 10, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) No! This is essentially impossible!
(b) No! This is essentially impossible!
(c) No. This would be really tough to do.
(d) Yes.
For more information, see Chapters 19 and 20, Lecture 10
Notes:
(a) No. This is Bishop Ussher's age for the Earth, which he said was formed on
October 25, 4004 B.C. at 9 in the morning!
(b) No.
(c) No. The oldest seafloor is 200 million years old.
(d) Yes. The oldest crustal rocks are about 3.8 billion years old. Some
zircon crystals have been found which are 4.28 billion years old -- these are
the oldest crystals found on Earth.
For more information, see Lecture 2
Notes:
(a) Yes! They are, in fact, a classic hot-spot example.
(b) No. This makes cracks in the ground, not islands in the middle of
plates.
(c) No. This forms mountains like the Appalachians.
(d) No. This is the asteroid which finished off the dinosaurs.
For more information, see Chapter 5
Notes:
(a) No. This says something about liquid or solid core.
(b) Best answer. Looking at spectra and meteorites tells us that there
is probably iron in the Earth, but since we don't see it on the surface, it
has to be at depth. Since iron is dense, it's probably in the core.
(c) No. This says something about liquid or solid core.
(d) No, this sort of information is just confirmation for (b).
For more information, see Chapters 1, 19, and 20,
Lecture 2
and
Lecture 3,
Notes:
This was a poorly-written question. It should read as ``The type of fault
which has steeply dipping fault surfaces, with the hanging wall downdropped
relative to the footwall is:
(a) No. This is only horizontal motion, no vertical.
(b) Yes, but this would have been hard to figure out given the original
wording.
(c) No. This has both vertical and horizontal motion.
(d) No. It is possible.
For more information, see Chapter 10, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) No. This says that the same geologic processes which operate today
operated in the past.
(b) Yes.
(c) No. This says that layers were originally horizontal, so that an
undisturbed set of layers should still be basically horizontal.
(d) No.
For more information, see Chapter 9, Lecture 13
Notes:
(a) No. An overthrust is when one block is shoved up on top of another. See
figure 10.24.
(b) No. A transform fault has blocks of rock sliding past each other. An
example is the San Andreas Fault. See figure 20.7, 10.21.
(c) Yes. See figure 20.4
(d) No. See figure 10.14
For more information, see Chapters 10, 20, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) Yes
(b) No. These are the eons.
(c) No. These are the periods in the Mesozoic Era.
(d) No. These are the epochs of the Paleogene period.
For more information, see Chapter 9, Figure 9.11, Lecture 13
Notes:
(a)-(c) Are all metamorphic rocks.
(d) Tholeite (or tholeiite) is a basaltic igneous rock.
For more information, see Chapter 8
Notes:
(a) Yes. This is the definition of a fault.
(b) No. This is just crumpled rocks.
(c) No. This is a fold which looks like a trough or valley.
(d) No. This is a crack with no relative motion.
For more information, see Chapter 10, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) No. These are asymmetric folds.
(b) No. These are symmetric folds.
(c) Yes.
(d) No.
For more information, see Chapter 10, Lecture 12
Notes:
(a) No. This is actually the most poorly sorted.
(b) Yes.
(c) No. This is, in fact, not a clastic environment.
(d) No. The degree of sorting in wind deposits depends on the wind strength
and how constant the strength is...
For more information, see Chapter 7, Lecture 7
For more information, see Chapter 6, Table 6.2
For more information, see Chapter 8, Table 8.1
Notes:
(a) No.
(b) No. This is regional metamorphism found in subduction zones.
(c) Yes. Contact metamorphism is mainly due to heat from igneous
intrusions into or on top of cold rocks.
(d) No. Volcanic/plutonic regional metamorphism or burial metamorphism.
For more information, see Chapter 8, Figures 8.11 and 8.16
Notes:
(a) No. The sizes of the grains in the outcrop would indicate the velocity
of the current which deposited it. A larger grain size means a faster current
was carrying the rock before it was dropped.
(b) Yes.
(c) No. Bedding characteristics indicate reworking.
(d) No.
For more information, see Chapter 7, figure 7.3
Greg Anderson